For homebrew crystal filters such as Cohn-Type or Ladder-Type filters it is often necessary to select crystals within 10 – 50 Hz of the target frequency. To make the selection process a little bit more pleasant, I designed this little test circuit. It is basically just a very simple oscillator utilizing a hand full of … [Read more…]
This bandwidth calculator is an essential tool for performing calculations related to common digital modulation schemes such as BPSK, QPSK, and QAM, QAM16 and QAM6, which are widely used in satellite (VSAT), terrestrial broadcasting, as well as ENG, SNG, and BAS applications. It helps with accurate bandwidth estimations by considering critical factors such as Forward … [Read more…]
Probably any person interested in RF knows the basic concept of frequency (FM) and phase modulation (PM) as the terms are pretty much self self-explanatory. Yet when it comes to the practical implementation, I frequently notice how little the properties of both modulation techniques are actually understood. From my experience, a vast majority falsely believes … [Read more…]